Organizations

AAAI

• The first AAAI conference1980

ACLUAmerican Civil Liberties Union · Американський союз захисту громадянських свобод · ACLU of Michigan

• A Super Bowl crowd’s faces checked against a database2001
• An arrest on a false match in Detroit2020
• A court bars Clearview from selling its face database to companies2022

ACM

• A Turing Award for artificial intelligence1969
• Stochastic Parrots: can a language model be too big2021

ACM SIGGRAPH

• The SIGGRAPH 2026 technical papers awards2026

Adaptive SolutionsAdaptive Solutions Inc.

• Neural network chips from Intel and Adaptive Solutions1990

AdobeAdobe Systems

• PatchMatch: patches found at random2009
• Content-Aware Fill in Photoshop2010

AgiBot

• A million trajectories from one Chinese fleet2025
• Humanoids counted for the first time by half-year2026

Agility Robotics

• The first commercial humanoid deployment2024

AI Security Institute

• Britain founds the AI Safety Institute2023
• Britain evaluates Mythos cyber capabilities independently2026
• Every frontier model tested attempted to cheat2026

Alibaba

• Qwen32025
• Qwen3.8-27B under the Apache 2.0 licence2026

Allen Institute for AIAI2 · Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence

• YOLO: detection in one look2015
• What is actually inside the corpus T5 was trained on2021
• A thousand examples and a forced budget2025

Alliance of Motion Picture and Television ProducersAMPTP

• A contract in which AI is not a writer2023
• A digital replica needs consent and payment2023

Amazon

• Amazon: similar items instead of similar customers2003
• Mechanical Turk: human work ordered through an API2005
• Amazon EC22006
• A crawl of the web becomes available to anyone2012
• Amazon Echo and Alexa2014
• Amazon pauses police use of Rekognition for a year2020
• Trainium reaches general availability2022
• Claude enters a classified intelligence environment2024

Amazon Web ServicesAWS

• 960 megawatts straight from a reactor2024
• The regulator stops the direct feed2024

American Express

• Authorizer's Assistant: an expert system decides on credit1988

Anthropic

• Anthropic's Series B, as described to a court2022
• Constitutional AI: harmlessness from AI feedback2022
• Claude2023
• Voluntary commitments to the White House2023
• Anthropic's responsible scaling policy2023
• Sleeper Agents: a backdoor survives safety training2024
• The Claude 3 family2024
• Features pulled out of a working model2024
• Claude 3.5 Sonnet2024
• Computer use2024
• Claude enters a classified intelligence environment2024
• Model Context Protocol2024
• A model fakes alignment so as not to be changed2024
• Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Claude Code2025
• Claude Opus 4 and Sonnet 42025
• Claude Gov: a model built for the enclave2025
• The Pentagon contracts all four frontier laboratories at once2025
• Claude Opus 4.52025
• The protocol passes into shared ownership2025
• Amodei names a term: powerful AI in one to two years2026
• METR revises the horizon doubling to 89 days2026
• Claude Opus 4.6 launches2026
• Anthropic rewrites its responsible scaling policy2026
• The Pentagon labels Anthropic a supply-chain risk2026
• Anthropic measures learning to use the model2026
• Claude Mythos Preview and Project Glasswing2026
• Britain evaluates Mythos cyber capabilities independently2026
• The New York Fed sees no break in job postings2026
• Nine hundred and sixty-five billion2026
• Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5 announced2026
• Export control reaches the model itself, not the chips2026
• Anthropic measures what workers expect about job loss2026
• The export controls come off and Fable 5 returns2026
• Claude Science2026
• Claude Sonnet 52026
• A billion and a half for books2026
• Every frontier model tested attempted to cheat2026
• Claude Opus 5 launches2026
• July vulnerability disclosures ran five times the record2026
• Fable 5 biology-safeguard update2026
• A court strikes down the exclusion of Anthropic2026
• The largest data centre's power doubles every ten months2026

Apple

• The iPhone2007
• Google Voice Search2008
• Siri2010
• Siri in the iPhone2011

ARC Prize Foundation

• The ARC Prize 2025 technical report2026
• ARC-AGI-3 and 0.51 per cent2026
• A human baseline is measured for ARC-AGI-32026
• The first ARC-AGI-3 milestone prize2026
• GPT-6 Astra reaches 99.9 per cent on ARC-AGI-32026

Argonne National Laboratory

• EQP solves the Robbins problem1996

ARPA

• Project MAC is founded1963
• The ARPA Speech Understanding Research programme1971
• HARPY1976
• The first Grand Challenge: nobody finished2004
• Stanley wins the Grand Challenge2005
• The Urban Challenge2007

ASMLASML Holding · ASML Holding N.V.

• The first high-aperture scanner ships to Intel2023

Association for Computational Linguistics

• CoNLL-2000: eleven systems on one split2000
• BLEU: a formula scores translation quality2002
• The ACL 2026 best papers2026

AT&T LaboratoriesAT&T Labs · AT&T Labs-Research

• A convolutional network reads cheques in banks1996

AtosEviden · Bull

• Europe puts its machine on NVIDIA accelerators2022
• 4,480 Hopper accelerators in Barcelona2023

ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Research Laboratories

• Unit selection: a voice from pieces of recording1996

Authors Guild

• The Authors Guild becomes a party2023

Baidu

• Baidu's Institute of Deep Learning2013
• Deep Speech2014
• Baidu opens the Apollo code2017
• ERNIE 2.0: pre-training that adds tasks2019

Barcelona Supercomputing CenterBSC-CNS

• 4,480 Hopper accelerators in Barcelona2023

Be My Eyes

• ChatGPT sees and speaks2023

Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center

• Humanoids run a half-marathon2025

Beijing Municipal Government

• The first World Humanoid Robot Games2025

Bell Communications ResearchBellcore

• Latent semantic analysis1990

Bell Labs

• Speech remade from a buzz and a hiss1939
• The sound spectrograph1946
• Automatic recognition of spoken digits1952
• Linear predictive coding1971
• Statistical part-of-speech tagging1988
• Lipreading cuts a recogniser's errors1988
• The tutorial account of hidden Markov models1989
• A convolutional network on zip codes1989
• ANNA: a convolutional network on an analog chip1991
• NIST's shared test on handwritten characters1992
• The kernel trick and support vectors1992
• AdaBoost1995
• Support-vector networks1995
• LeNet-5 and MNIST1998

BigScience WorkshopBigScience

• BLOOM's footprint, beyond the current2022
• ROOTS: a corpus whose sources were mostly chosen by people2022

BMW Manufacturing

• BMW contradicts a humanoid claim2025

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

• The Fed finds no AI effect on job postings2026

Bolt Beranek and Newman

• Semantic networks1968
• Augmented transition networks1970
• Resource Management: a shared speech recognition test1989

Boston Dynamics

• DARPA sets speed thresholds for walking over rough ground2009

Brave1

• Brave1: a state entry point for defence technology2023

Broadcom

• Jalapeño chip2026

Brunel UniversityBrunel University London

• WISARD: a neural network made of memory chips1984

Bureau of Industry and SecurityBIS

• Compute gets a numeric ceiling2022
• The threshold is rewritten, the workaround goes2023

C3.aiC3.ai, Inc. · C3 IoT

• The C3.ai prospectus: sixty-four customers2020

California Institute of TechnologyCaltech

• Mead names neuromorphic systems1990
• A hundred and one classes instead of five2004

Carnegie Mellon University

• The ARPA Speech Understanding Research programme1971
• DRAGON1975
• HARPY1976
• Kung and Leiserson's systolic arrays1978
• Herbert Simon's Nobel Prize1978
• The HEARSAY-II blackboard1980
• R1 and XCON at DEC1980
• Image registration by the intensity gradient1981
• One leg balances in three dimensions1983
• Warp: a systolic computer in a van1986
• Hsu's chess chip: from ChipTest to Deep Blue1986
• Navlab: a van drives a road without stopping1988
• ALVINN: a neural network steers the van1988
• Sphinx1988
• Shape and motion from a rank-three matrix1992
• A neural network finds faces in photographs1995
• Informedia: searching video by what is said1999
• Conditional random fields2001
• The first Grand Challenge: nobody finished2004
• The ESP Game: image labels as play2004
• Blizzard Challenge: speech synthesis on shared data2005
• A hole in a picture filled from other photographs2007
• The Urban Challenge2007
• Libratus beats poker professionals2017
• What data work actually pays: 3.8 million tasks measured2017
• Pluribus: six-player poker2019
• Mamba2023
• Without a verifier, answering-time compute loses2025
• The cost of an answer is memory, not parameters2025

Center for AI Safety

• The statement on AI risk2023

Central Statistics OfficeCSO Ireland · An Phríomh-Oifig Staidrimh

• A fifth of Ireland's electricity goes to data centres2024

Cerebras SystemsCerebras

• Arabic as a third of the training set2023

Character.AI

• Settlements over harm from chatbots2026

Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office

• Maven becomes the Pentagon's costliest AI programme2025
• The Pentagon contracts all four frontier laboratories at once2025

Chinese Academy of SciencesAcademia Sinica

• Wu's method: geometry as algebra1978

CIFAR

• The first national AI strategy2017

CINECA

• Europe puts its machine on NVIDIA accelerators2022

City of The DallesThe Dalles, Oregon

• A data centre's water stops being a secret2022

City University, London

• BM251994

Clearview AIClearview AI, Inc.

• Canadian regulators on collecting faces without consent2021
• Face recognition goes to war2022
• A court bars Clearview from selling its face database to companies2022

Clifton Bay InvestmentsAlameda Research Ventures · Clifton Bay Investments LLC

• Anthropic's Series B, as described to a court2022

Cohere

• Cohere opens a leading speech recognition model2026

Colorado General Assembly

• Colorado repeals and rewrites its AI act2026

Columbia University

• Maximum entropy for language processing1996
• Diffusion policies for visuomotor control2023

Common Crawl FoundationCommon Crawl

• A crawl of the web becomes available to anyone2012
• C4: the web put through six rules2019

Computer Recognition SystemsCRS

• WISARD: a neural network made of memory chips1984

Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

• CVPR 2026 and dynamic scenes2026

Constellation EnergyConstellation Energy Corporation

• A shut reactor restarted for data centres2024

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory

• Mark I Perceptron: the perceptron in hardware1960
• Principles of Neurodynamics1962

Cornell University

• The document as a vector of terms1975
• Shape and motion from a rank-three matrix1992
• MS COCO: objects in context2014
• Three fairness conditions that do not meet2016

Council of the European Union

• Europe's ESPRIT programme1984
• GDPR: a right not to be subject to a solely automated decision2016

CSC - IT Center for Science

• Ten countries club together for one supercomputer2022

Cyberspace Administration of China

• China puts recommendation algorithms on a register2022
• China requires marks on synthesised content2023
• China licenses generative services but not research2023
• China's anthropomorphic services rules take effect2026

Daimler-BenzDaimler-Benz AG

• VaMoRs drives the Autobahn at 96 km/h1987
• VaMP in dense traffic near Paris1994

DARPA

• "Put-That-There": voice and gesture in one command1980
• Strategic Computing: DARPA's plan1983
• ALV: the Strategic Computing land vehicle drives itself1986
• FRESH: an expert system at the Pacific Fleet headquarters1987
• Pilot's Associate: a minute of flight, two hours of computing1988
• Resource Management: a shared speech recognition test1989
• DART: the scheduler that repaid thirty years1991
• TREC: a shared test for retrieval1992
• MUC-6: named entity recognition as a task of its own1995
• Informedia: searching video by what is said1999
• Face recognition measured on 37,437 people2003
• DARPA sets speed thresholds for walking over rough ground2009
• A model flies a fighter against a live pilot2024

Dartmouth College

• Dartmouth proposal1955
• Dartmouth Summer Research Project1956

DeepMind

• DeepMind enters the register2010
• DQN plays Atari2013
• The DeepMind purchase, and the price no filing carries2014
• Asynchronous actor-critic (A3C)2016
• AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol2016
• WaveNet2016
• AlphaGo against Ke Jie, the last match2017
• Learning from human preferences2017
• AlphaZero2017
• AlphaStar at StarCraft II2018
• MuZero: planning without the rules2019
• A model reads mammograms better than radiologists2020
• AlphaFold 2 at CASP142020
• Chinchilla: compute-optimal training2022
• Flamingo: vision and language from a few examples2022
• A language model graded like a physician2022
• AlphaDev2023
• A web-trained model outputs robot actions2023
• One dataset from many robot bodies2023
• GNoME and new materials2023
• Gemini 1.02023
• AlphaGeometry2024
• AlphaFold 32024
• Silver at the International Mathematical Olympiad2024
• Coverage grows with the number of attempts2024
• Compute at answering time against a bigger model2024
• Gemini Robotics reaches physical control2025
• AlphaEvolve2025
• Gold at the International Mathematical Olympiad2025
• Genie 32025
• Formal proof search closes nine Erdos problems2026

DeepSeek

• Fine-grained and shared experts2024
• GRPO: reinforcement learning without a critic2024
• DeepSeek-V32024
• DeepSeek-R12025
• DeepSeek-V42026
• DeepSeek opens the weights of V4-Flash-07312026
• DeepSeek ships V4.1-Flash with an encoder and a decoder2026

Department for Science, Innovation and TechnologyDSIT

• Britain founds the AI Safety Institute2023

Detroit Police DepartmentDPD

• An arrest on a false match in Detroit2020

DeviantArt

• Artists sue the image generators2023

Digital Equipment Corporation

• R1 and XCON at DEC1980
• DECtalk: Klatt's synthesis as a device1983
• Babel Fish: free translation on the web1997

Dragon Systems

• Dragon Systems is founded1982
• DragonDictate1990
• Dragon NaturallySpeaking1997

Dublin City University

• The TREC video track: a shared test for video search2001

Eindhoven University of TechnologyTechnological University Eindhoven · Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven

• Automath: a language in which a machine checks mathematics1968

EleutherAI

• The Pile: 825 gibibytes from twenty-two sources2020

ElevenLabsEleven Labs

• A cloned voice in campaign calls2024

ELLIS Institute Tubingen

• Reasoning by depth rather than by tokens2025

Epic SystemsEpic Systems Corporation

• Epic's sepsis model misses two thirds2021

Epoch AI

• Three eras of compute: 21, 6 and 10 months2022
• A doubling every 2.46 years, not every year2022
• Global AI computing capacity doubles every seven months2026
• July vulnerability disclosures ran five times the record2026
• Performance per dollar in chips grows 49 per cent a year2026
• Most AI at work runs on free plans2026
• The capability frontier moves 14 points a year2026
• FrontierMath Erdos: 68 unsolved problems as a benchmark2026
• Epoch puts Huawei below four per cent of Nvidia2026
• The largest data centre's power doubles every ten months2026
• Daily AI use in the United States doubled in six months2026
• Astra leads in mathematics but not in software engineering2026
• Customs data points to three billion dollars of diverted chips2026

ETH Zurich

• The same robustness, three times faster2006
• ANYmal, a quadruped trained in simulation2019

EuroHPC Joint UndertakingEuroHPC JU

• Ten countries club together for one supercomputer2022
• Europe puts its machine on NVIDIA accelerators2022
• 4,480 Hopper accelerators in Barcelona2023

European Commission

• Europe's ESPRIT programme1984
• The EU's ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI2019
• The draft European AI Act2021
• The Bletchley Declaration2023
• Political agreement on the EU AI Act2023
• The European AI Act enters into force2024
• Obligations for general-purpose models2025
• Europe postpones its own rules2026
• Synthetic content must be marked2026

European Parliament

• GDPR: a right not to be subject to a solely automated decision2016

Fairchild Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence ResearchFLAIR

• PROSPECTOR finds molybdenum1982

FBIFederal Bureau of Investigation · Федеральне бюро розслідувань

• Face recognition accuracy by sex, race and age2012

Federal Communications CommissionFCC

• A synthesised voice falls under a 1991 statute2024
• A cloned voice in campaign calls2024

Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionFERC

• The regulator stops the direct feed2024

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

• The New York Fed sees no break in job postings2026

Figure AI

• BMW contradicts a humanoid claim2025

Fortune

• BMW contradicts a humanoid claim2025

Freie Universitat BerlinFree University of Berlin

• DBpedia: a Wikipedia you can query2007

Fujitsu

• The world's fastest machine with no accelerator2021

Future of Humanity Institute

• Bostrom's Superintelligence2014

Future of Life Institute

• The Asilomar AI Principles2017
• The pause letter2023

GEMA

• A Munich court finds training on music infringing2026

General ElectricGE

• CATS-1: rules for repairing locomotives1983
• Warp: a systolic computer in a van1986

General Motors

• Unimate on the General Motors line1961

George Mason University

• A blind evaluation for face recognition1996

Georgetown University

• Georgetown-IBM experiment1954

Getty Images

• A stock agency counts twelve million photographs2023

GitHub

• Codex and Copilot2021
• The first suit over training on other people's code2022

Google

• PageRank and web scale1998
• The Google File System2003
• MapReduce2004
• Statistical translation at Google2006
• Google Voice Search2008
• The unreasonable effectiveness of data2009
• Google reveals its self-driving project2010
• A knowledge graph inside Google Search2012
• The first licence for a driverless car2012
• The Google network that found cats2012
• word2vec2013
• The DeepMind purchase, and the price no filing carries2014
• Show and Tell: a caption for an image2014
• Batch normalisation2015
• FaceNet: a face as 128 bytes2015
• Keras2015
• TensorFlow2015
• Fourteen arms and 800,000 grasp attempts2016
• Google's Tensor Processing Unit2016
• Five concrete problems in AI safety2016
• Wide & Deep: app recommendations in Google Play2016
• Deep networks in YouTube recommendations2016
• GNMT: neural translation in Google Translate2016
• A deep network detects diabetic retinopathy2016
• Waymo becomes a company2016
• The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer2017
• Tacotron: speech straight from letters2017
• AudioSet: a vocabulary of sounds and two million clips2017
• Google leaves Maven and writes down what it will not do2018
• Closed-loop grasping at 96 percent2018
• BERT2018
• JAX: transform the program instead of describing a graph2018
• C4: the web put through six rules2019
• A model reads mammograms better than radiologists2020
• NeRF: a scene as a continuous function2020
• The transformer for images2020
• Timnit Gebru leaves Google over a paper2020
• GPT-3 in megawatt-hours2021
• Chain-of-thought prompting2022
• A language model plans a robot’s actions2022
• Imagen: a large language encoder for generation2022
• BIG-bench: 204 tasks assembled by 442 authors2022
• One transformer, seven hundred tasks2022
• A data centre's water stops being a secret2022
• A language model graded like a physician2022
• MusicLM: music from a text description2023
• Physicians prefer the model's answers2023
• Gemini 1.02023
• A million tokens of context2024
• Compressive memory instead of a growing KV cache2024
• 14.3 million tonnes, 48 per cent above 20192024
• Gemini 2.0 Flash2024
• Google removes its pledge not to build weapons2025
• Gemini 2.5 Pro2025
• The Pentagon contracts all four frontier laboratories at once2025
• Gemini 32025
• Settlements over harm from chatbots2026
• Gemini 3.5 Flash launches2026
• Gemini 3.5 Live Translate translates as a stream2026
• Google introduces Gemini Robotics 22026
• Gemini 3.7 Flash launches2026

Government of Canada

• The first national AI strategy2017

Government of France

• The Action Summit in Paris2025

Government of South Korea

• The Seoul summit2024
• Korea's framework AI act takes effect2026

Government of the United Kingdom

• Britain's Alvey Programme1983
• The Bletchley Declaration2023
• The Seoul summit2024

Government of the United States

• The Pentagon writes down what an autonomous weapon is2012
• The political declaration on military AI2023
• Voluntary commitments to the White House2023
• Executive Order 141102023
• America's AI Action Plan2025
• The United States opens H200 sales to China2026
• The Pentagon labels Anthropic a supply-chain risk2026

Graphco Technologies

• A Super Bowl crowd’s faces checked against a database2001

Graphcore

• BLOOM's footprint, beyond the current2022

GXO Logistics

• The first commercial humanoid deployment2024

Habana LabsHabana Labs Ltd.

• Habana Labs: $2 billion in the press release, $1.7 billion in the annual report2019

Harmonic

• The first Erdos problem is closed by AI autonomously2026

Harvard University

• Simple and complex cells, cortical columns1962
• Chen and Goodman's comparison of smoothing1998
• Three fairness conditions that do not meet2016

Haskins Laboratories

• Sound and visible pattern, each from the other1951

Hewlett Packard EnterpriseHPE

• Ten countries club together for one supercomputer2022

HNC SoftwareHNC Inc. · HNC Software Inc.

• Falcon: a neural network against card fraud1992

Honda

• Honda P2: the first humanoid with its own battery1996
• ASIMO2000

Huawei

• Ascend 910 and MindSpore2019
• The attention cache at two bits2025
• Epoch puts Huawei below four per cent of Nvidia2026

Hugging Face

• Transformers: a pretrained model becomes an import2018
• Hugging Face raises $100 million: a hundred thousand models on the shelf2022
• BLOOM's footprint, beyond the current2022
• ROOTS: a corpus whose sources were mostly chosen by people2022
• An agent leaves the sandbox2026

IBM

• Georgetown-IBM experiment1954
• Samuel's checkers on television1956
• SAGE goes on duty1958
• Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers1959
• Gelernter's machine proves geometry theorems1959
• Hao Wang: Principia in minutes1960
• Shoebox does arithmetic by voice1961
• Statistical speech recognition1976
• Simulated annealing1983
• Hsu's chess chip: from ChipTest to Deep Blue1986
• The Lisp machine market collapses1987
• Statistical machine translation1988
• Word classes from mutual information1992
• TD-Gammon1992
• The IBM translation models1993
• Searching images by content, not by caption1995
• Deep Blue wins a game against Kasparov1996
• Maximum entropy for language processing1996
• Deep Blue defeats Kasparov1997
• BLEU: a formula scores translation quality2002
• Watson on Jeopardy!2011
• 62 million dollars on Watson with no clinic2016
• Gender Shades: three commercial classifiers measured2018
• IBM stops selling general purpose face recognition2020

ICOT

• Japan's Fifth Generation project1981

Idiap Research Institute

• Torch2002

IDRISInstitut du developpement et des ressources en informatique scientifique · Jean Zay

• BLOOM's footprint, beyond the current2022

IDxIDx, LLC

• The FDA admits a diagnosis without a physician2018

Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic InstituteNational Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" · Київський політехнічний інститут

• A first exam for open models in Ukrainian2024

IJCAI

• The first IJCAI1969

Inception

• Arabic as a third of the training set2023

Inference Corporation

• Authorizer's Assistant: an expert system decides on credit1988

Inria

• The calculus of constructions1986
• Gradient histograms find pedestrians2005
• scikit-learn2010

Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of SciencesInstitute of Computer Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences · ICS PAS

• Pawlak: rough sets1982

Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian Academy of SciencesІнститут кібернетики імені В. М. Глушкова НАН України · V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics · Institute of Cybernetics, Kiev

• Kyiv: the Institute of Cybernetics1962
• Glushkov: Introduction to Cybernetics1964
• MIR: a machine that understands formulas1969
• Glushkov: the 'evidence algorithm' programme1970
• TAIR: a robot run by a neuron-like network1975

Institute of Electrical Engineering, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences

• MESM: the first electronic computer in Kyiv1951

Institute of Science TokyoTokyo Institute of Technology

• A voice from a statistical model: HTS1999
• Partly re-initialising an expert's weights2025

IntelIntel Corporation · Intel Foundry

• Neural network chips from Intel and Adaptive Solutions1990
• Intel buys Mobileye: $15.3 billion announced, $14.5 billion booked2017
• Habana Labs: $2 billion in the press release, $1.7 billion in the annual report2019
• The first high-aperture scanner ships to Intel2023

Interdisciplinary Center HerzliyaReichman University · IDC Herzliya

• Seam carving: resizing that respects content2007

International Conference on Learning Representations

• The ICLR 2026 outstanding papers2026

International Conference on Machine Learning

• The ICML 2026 awards2026

Ipsos

• Most AI at work runs on free plans2026
• Daily AI use in the United States doubled in six months2026

iRobot

• Roomba2002
• iRobot opens its books: 1.2 million Roombas2005

Jet Propulsion LaboratoryJPL

• Scheinman's arm goes to JPL1973

Johns Hopkins University

• Visual cortex cells respond to orientation1959
• LibriSpeech: a thousand hours of audiobooks2015

Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation

• First Macy conference on feedback1946

Kaggle

• Kaggle opens its competitions2010

KAIST

• A small model is handed actions, not answers2025

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenKU Leuven

• The same robustness, three times faster2006

Kiva Systems

• Hundreds of robots coordinating in a warehouse2008

KRAFTON

• A small model is handed actions, not answers2025

Kurzweil Computer Products

• Kurzweil's machine reads aloud1976

Kyutai

• Moshi2024

LAIONLAION e.V.

• LAION-400M: image-caption pairs in the open2021
• LAION-5B: 5.85 billion pairs, a third of them not in English2022
• Illegal material found in an open set, distribution halted2023

Landgericht Munchen I

• A Munich court finds training on music infringing2026

Leipzig UniversityUniversität Leipzig

• DBpedia: a Wikipedia you can query2007

Lingo Telecom

• A cloned voice in campaign calls2024

Linguistic Data Consortium

• The TIMIT corpus1990
• The Switchboard corpus1992

Linux Foundation

• The protocol passes into shared ownership2025

LMSYS OrgLMSYS · Large Model Systems Organization

• Chatbot Arena: a score that cannot be studied in advance2023

LMU Munich

• Stable Diffusion2022

LockheedLockheed-Georgia Company · Lockheed Aeronautical Systems

• Pilot's Associate: a minute of flight, two hours of computing1988

Lux Capital

• Hugging Face raises $100 million: a hundred thousand models on the shelf2022

Maritaca AI

• Three per cent of a training budget, spent on one language2023

Martin MariettaMartin Marietta Denver Aerospace

• ALV: the Strategic Computing land vehicle drives itself1986

MasakhaneMasakhane community

• Masakhane: translation made by the speakers2020

Mathematical Institute, Czechoslovak Academy of SciencesMatematický ústav ČSAV

• GUHA: a machine that proposes hypotheses from data1966

Max Planck Institute for InformaticsMPI-INF · Max-Planck-Institut fur Informatik

• YAGO: Wikipedia sewn onto WordNet2007

McDonnell AircraftMcDonnell Aircraft Company

• Pilot's Associate: a minute of flight, two hours of computing1988

MD Anderson Cancer CenterM.D. Anderson Cancer Center

• 62 million dollars on Watson with no clinic2016

Meta

• Facebook explains how it ranks News Feed2013
• DeepFace: face recognition near human level2014
• Facebook: boosted trees ahead of logistic regression2014
• PyTorch2017
• ONNX: a model stops belonging to its framework2017
• Pluribus: six-player poker2019
• Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)2020
• wav2vec 2.02020
• Cicero plays Diplomacy2022
• LLaMA2023
• Segment Anything2023
• Books3: a hundred and ninety-six thousand books named2023
• Llama 22023
• Llama 32024
• Llama 3.1 at 405 billion2024
• Llama 42025
• Muse Image and Muse Video2026

Metaweb TechnologiesMetaweb

• Freebase: a fact base you could write to2008

METR

• METR revises the horizon doubling to 89 days2026
• METR cannot measure GPT-5.6 Sol because it cheats2026
• METR discloses two security incidents2026

Michigan State UniversityMSU

• Face recognition accuracy by sex, race and age2012

Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation

• The Cyc project begins1984

Microsoft

• A Bayesian junk-mail filter1998
• Data outweighs the algorithm2001
• Viola-Jones face detection2001
• Predicting clicks on new ads2007
• Kinect2010
• Deep networks in production recognition2011
• MS COCO: objects in context2014
• Tay taken down within three days2016
• Human parity in speech recognition2016
• ONNX: a model stops belonging to its framework2017
• Gender Shades: three commercial classifiers measured2018
• Microsoft's billion for OpenAI2019
• The C3.ai prospectus: sixty-four customers2020
• Low-rank adaptation (LoRA)2021
• Microsoft completes the Nuance purchase: $18.8 billion2022
• The first suit over training on other people's code2022
• VALL-E: a stranger's voice from three seconds2023
• Bing limits its chat after 'Sydney'2023
• 700,000 litres to train, a bottle to talk2023
• LLaVA: an open assistant that sees2023
• Llama 22023
• Altman's removal and return2023
• A hundred examples of verbatim output2023
• Weights with three states instead of numbers2024
• Microsoft's emissions up 29 per cent on construction2024
• NVIDIA becomes the most valuable company in the world2024
• A shut reactor restarted for data centres2024

Microsoft Research

• Image Analogies: a filter from a pair of examples2001
• Poisson image editing: an insert without a seam2003
• GrabCut: an object inside a box2004
• A 3D scene from strangers’ photographs2006

Microsoft Research AsiaMSRA

• Five thousand puzzles instead of a corpus2025

Midjourney

• Midjourney opens its beta to everyone2022
• Artists sue the image generators2023

Ministry of Defence of UkraineМіноборони · Ministry of Defense of Ukraine

• Face recognition goes to war2022
• Brave1: a state entry point for defence technology2023

Ministry of Digital Transformation of UkraineМінцифри

• Face recognition goes to war2022
• Brave1: a state entry point for defence technology2023
• GPT-5.6-Cyber and Daybreak expansion2026

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology of India

• India buys accelerators as a public service2024
• India regulates synthetically generated information2026

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of ChinaMIIT

• China puts recommendation algorithms on a register2022
• China requires marks on synthesised content2023
• China licenses generative services but not research2023

Ministry of Public Security of China

• China puts recommendation algorithms on a register2022
• China requires marks on synthesised content2023
• China licenses generative services but not research2023

Mistral AI

• Mistral 7B2023
• Mixtral 8x7B2023
• Mistral raises three billion euros at more than twenty-one2026

MIT

• Wiener's anti-aircraft predictor1942
• The first neural network simulation1954
• Pattern recognition and modern computers1955
• IRE Symposium on Information Theory1956
• SAGE goes on duty1958
• Lisp1960
• Wiener: the purpose put into the machine1960
• Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence1961
• SAINT1961
• Project MAC is founded1963
• Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids1963
• STUDENT1964
• The Summer Vision Project1966
• Mac Hack VI at a tournament1967
• SHRDLU1971
• Frames1974
• Computer Power and Human Reason1976
• The MIT Lisp machine1977
• Edges as zero crossings, at several scales1980
• "Put-That-There": voice and gesture in one command1980
• Optical flow as a smoothness problem1981
• DECtalk: Klatt's synthesis as a device1983
• The Connection Machine1985
• Subsumption architecture1986
• An edge detector derived from three criteria1986
• The Society of Mind1986
• A six-legged robot walks with no central control1989
• The TIMIT corpus1990
• Elephants Don't Play Chess1990
• A face as a point in an eigenvector space1991
• Adaptive mixtures of local experts1991
• GroupLens: predictions from other readers' ratings1994
• Kismet: a robot regulates interaction with its face1998
• Object outlines drawn by a website’s visitors2005
• Eighty million images at 32 × 322008
• A network finds a new antibiotic2020
• A constant number of cache pages2025

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

• SAGE goes on duty1958

MIT Media Lab

• Sign language sentences from video1995
• ConceptNet: common sense assembled from visitors' sentences2004
• Gender Shades: three commercial classifiers measured2018

MITI

• Japan's Fifth Generation project1981

Mitsubishi Electric Research LaboratoriesMERL

• Seam carving: resizing that respects content2007

Mobileye

• Mobileye is founded1999
• The Mobileye prospectus, and a vision company's first numbers2014
• Tesla Autopilot2015
• Intel buys Mobileye: $15.3 billion announced, $14.5 billion booked2017

Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial IntelligenceMBZUAI

• Arabic as a third of the training set2023

Moonshot AI

• Long context inside reinforcement learning2025
• Kimi K3 at 2.8 trillion parameters2026

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

• CASNET: a glaucoma model before ophthalmologists1977

Muscle Fish

• Sounds found by how they sound1996

Nagoya Institute of Technology

• A voice from a statistical model: HTS1999
• Blizzard Challenge: speech synthesis on shared data2005

NASA Ames Research CenterNASA Ames

• Spatial uncertainty as covariance between frames1986

National Academy of Sciences

• The ALPAC report1966

National Bureau of Standards

• Ledley and Lusted: logic and probability of diagnosis1959

National Center for High-performance ComputingNCHC

• A state publishes weights in traditional Chinese2024

National Development and Reform CommissionNDRC

• China licenses generative services but not research2023

National Federation of the Blind

• Kurzweil's machine reads aloud1976

National Physical Laboratory

• Turing lecture to the London Mathematical Society1947
• Intelligent Machinery1948
• Pandemonium1958
• Programs with Common Sense1958

National Science and Technology Council of TaiwanNSTC

• A state publishes weights in traditional Chinese2024

Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center RDT&E Division (NRaD)NRaD

• MUC-6: named entity recognition as a task of its own1995

NAVER CloudNaver · Naver Corporation

• A twenty-three point gap in Korean2024

NCRNCR Corporation

• A convolutional network reads cheques in banks1996

NEC

• Dynamic time warping1978
• "Put-That-There": voice and gesture in one command1980
• Simultaneous map building and localization1991

Netflix

• The Netflix Prize2009
• Netflix: what went from the Prize into production2012
• Netflix puts a billion dollars a year on recommendations2015

NeurIPS

• The first NIPS conference1987

Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles

• Nevada authorises autonomous vehicles by statute2011
• The first licence for a driverless car2012

Nevada Legislature

• Nevada authorises autonomous vehicles by statute2011

Nevada Transportation Authority

• Nevada admits three robotaxi fleets at once2026

New Hampshire Department of Justice

• A cloned voice in campaign calls2024

New York City Council

• New York requires audits of hiring tools2021

New York Stock ExchangeNYSE

• The Mobileye prospectus, and a vision company's first numbers2014
• Intel buys Mobileye: $15.3 billion announced, $14.5 billion booked2017
• The C3.ai prospectus: sixty-four customers2020

New York UniversityNYU

• The Davis-Putnam procedure with splitting1961
• MUC-6: named entity recognition as a task of its own1995
• Image Analogies: a filter from a pair of examples2001
• GLUE: nine tasks, one score, closed tests2018
• SuperGLUE: a set built for years lasted twenty months2019
• Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)2020
• GPQA: questions you cannot google2023

NIST

• A photograph in a computer’s memory1957
• Resource Management: a shared speech recognition test1989
• The TIMIT corpus1990
• NIST's shared test on handwritten characters1992
• TREC: a shared test for retrieval1992
• BM251994
• A blind evaluation for face recognition1996
• Searching recorded speech: the SDR track2000
• The TREC video track: a shared test for video search2001
• Face recognition measured on 37,437 people2003
• NIST measures demographic gaps across 189 algorithms2019

Nobel Foundation

• Herbert Simon's Nobel Prize1978
• The Nobel Prize in Physics for neural networks2024
• The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for protein structure prediction2024

NorthpointeNorthpointe Inc.

• How a risk scale's errors fell by race2016
• The developer's reply: equal accuracy for both groups2016

NTSB

• The first pedestrian killed by an autonomous car2018

Nuance CommunicationsNuance

• Microsoft completes the Nuance purchase: $18.8 billion2022

NVIDIA

• GeForce 2561999
• CUDA becomes generally available2007
• NVIDIA tensor cores2017
• StyleGAN: a style-controlled face generator2018
• NVIDIA A1002020
• NVIDIA H1002022
• HBM3 for the H1002022
• The A800: a part designed to the threshold2022
• The threshold is rewritten, the workaround goes2023
• Blackwell2024
• A claimed context length and a real one2024
• NVIDIA becomes the most valuable company in the world2024
• Seventeen per cent in a day2025
• A constant number of cache pages2025
• An open foundation model for humanoids2025
• The first four trillion2025
• The Rubin platform enters full production2026
• Global AI computing capacity doubles every seven months2026
• A 25 per cent tariff on advanced chips2026
• Performance per dollar in chips grows 49 per cent a year2026
• NVIDIA: eighty-nine billion in a quarter from data centres2026
• Epoch puts Huawei below four per cent of Nvidia2026
• Customs data points to three billion dollars of diverted chips2026

OECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development · Організація економічного співробітництва та розвитку

• The OECD Council adopts a recommendation on AI2019

Ofcom

• States block Grok2026

Office of the Privacy Commissioner of CanadaOPC

• Canadian regulators on collecting faces without consent2021

OpenAI

• OpenAI is founded2015
• Five concrete problems in AI safety2016
• Learning from human preferences2017
• Proximal policy optimisation (PPO)2017
• OpenAI's charter2018
• GPT-12018
• In-hand manipulation trained only in simulation2018
• GPT-22019
• OpenAI LP: profit with a ceiling2019
• OpenAI Five beats the Dota 2 champions2019
• Microsoft's billion for OpenAI2019
• A robot hand solves a Rubik’s cube2019
• Scaling laws2020
• Jukebox: songs with singing as raw audio2020
• GPT-32020
• CLIP2021
• DALL·E2021
• GPT-3 in megawatt-hours2021
• HumanEval: code checked by tests2021
• Codex and Copilot2021
• GSM8K: school problems and a verifier2021
• InstructGPT and learning from human ratings2022
• DALL·E 2 opens in a paid beta2022
• Whisper2022
• The first suit over training on other people's code2022
• The labellers in Nairobi who taught ChatGPT to refuse2023
• GPT-42023
• Novelists count what is inside Books22023
• OpenAI assembles a superalignment team2023
• Voluntary commitments to the White House2023
• The Authors Guild becomes a party2023
• ChatGPT sees and speaks2023
• DevDay and GPT-4 Turbo2023
• Altman's removal and return2023
• OpenAI's Preparedness Framework2023
• A hundred examples of verbatim output2023
• OpenAI drops the ban on "military and warfare"2024
• Sora2024
• GPT-4o2024
• The superalignment leads leave OpenAI2024
• Scaling laws for sparse autoencoders2024
• o1 and compute at answering time2024
• The full o1 and a 200-dollar subscription2024
• o3 on ARC-AGI2024
• Stargate2025
• o3 and tools inside the reasoning2025
• The Pentagon contracts all four frontier laboratories at once2025
• ChatGPT as an agent2025
• Gold at the International Mathematical Olympiad2025
• gpt-oss2025
• GPT-52025
• gpt-realtime2025
• Sora 22025
• The protocol passes into shared ownership2025
• The first Erdos problem is closed by AI autonomously2026
• GPT-5.4 launches2026
• OpenAI raises $122 billion at an $852 billion valuation2026
• GPT-5.5 launches2026
• New Realtime voice models2026
• A jury rejects Musk's claim against OpenAI2026
• A model disproves the Erdos unit distance conjecture2026
• GPT-Rosalind life-science update2026
• METR cannot measure GPT-5.6 Sol because it cheats2026
• GPT-5.6 previewed by government permission2026
• GPT-Live in ChatGPT Voice2026
• ChatGPT Work: an agent that hands back finished work, not an answer2026
• GPT-5.6 opens to everyone as three tiers, not one dial2026
• Every frontier model tested attempted to cheat2026
• An agent leaves the sandbox2026
• Luna's price cut by eighty per cent, Sol's left where it was2026
• OpenAI publishes ten mathematical results2026
• GPT-5.6-Cyber and Daybreak expansion2026
• AGI by the end of the year2026
• The United States tells a court that training is fair use2026
• GPT-6 Astra reaches 99.9 per cent on ARC-AGI-32026
• OpenAI introduces GPT-6 Astra2026
• OpenAI claims a proof of Navier-Stokes blowup2026
• Twenty-five Fields medallists declare a misalignment of goals2026

Oracle

• Stargate2025

Pacific Medical Center

• PUFF: an expert system in a hospital's daily work1982

Palantir Technologies

• Claude enters a classified intelligence environment2024
• Maven becomes the Pentagon's costliest AI programme2025

PASCAL Network of Excellence

• A contest where everyone is scored the same way2005

Philips Research Laboratories Aachen

• Kneser-Ney smoothing1995

Physical Intelligence

• π0, and open weights for a robot foundation2024

PJM InterconnectionPJM

• The regulator stops the direct feed2024

Preferred NetworksPreferred Networks, Inc. · PFN

• Chainer: the graph is built as it computes2015

Princeton University

• WordNet: a dictionary arranged by meanings1990
• Musical genre recognised from sound2002
• PatchMatch: patches found at random2009
• SWE-bench: real tasks from GitHub2023
• The interface as a lever for an agent2024

ProPublica

• How a risk scale's errors fell by race2016
• The developer's reply: equal accuracy for both groups2016

R2 Technology

• FDA approves a computer second read of mammograms1998

RAND Corporation

• Newell's chess machine1955
• Logic Theorist1956
• Dynamic Programming1957
• General Problem Solver1959

Raytheon

• A Super Bowl crowd’s faces checked against a database2001

RCA LaboratoriesRCA

• The phonetic typewriter1956

Reddit

• Deepfakes: face swapping with open tools2018

RedNoteXiaohongshu

• RedNote claims 42 out of 42 at the mathematical olympiad2026

Redwood Research

• Sleeper Agents: a backdoor survives safety training2024
• A model fakes alignment so as not to be changed2024

Renaissance Technologies

• Maximum entropy for language processing1996

Renmin University of China

• Search inside the chain of reasoning2025

Reporters Committee for Freedom of the PressRCFP

• A data centre's water stops being a secret2022

RIKENRIKEN Center for Computational Science · R-CCS

• The world's fastest machine with no accelerator2021

RoboCup

• The first RoboCup1997

Royal Canadian Mounted PoliceRCMP

• Canadian regulators on collecting faces without consent2021

Rutgers University

• CASNET: a glaucoma model before ophthalmologists1977

Sakana AI

• Partly re-initialising an expert's weights2025

SamaSamasource

• The labellers in Nairobi who taught ChatGPT to refuse2023

Samsung Electronics

• Mistral raises three billion euros at more than twenty-one2026

San Francisco Board of Supervisors

• San Francisco forbids itself face recognition2019

Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of Television and Radio ArtistsSAG-AFTRA

• A digital replica needs consent and payment2023

SenseTimeSenseTime Group Inc. · 商湯

• SenseTime's listing stopped three days before pricing2021

Shanghai AI Laboratory

• One billion against four hundred and five2025

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

• A constant number of cache pages2025

Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market

• A humanoid maker opens its books2026

Shazam EntertainmentShazam

• Shazam: a song recognised from a snippet2003

SK hynixSK hynix Inc.

• HBM2E: 460 gigabytes a second per stack2020
• HBM3 for the H1002022

Smart Analytics Global

• Humanoids counted for the first time by half-year2026

SoftBank

• Stargate2025

Sony

• Sony AIBO1999

SRA

• MUC-6: named entity recognition as a task of its own1995

SRI International

• The perceptron convergence proof1962
• The A* algorithm1968
• Shakey1969
• STRIPS1971
• A model from a minimal sample, not from all the data1981
• PROSPECTOR finds molybdenum1982
• Spatial uncertainty as covariance between frames1986
• Resource Management: a shared speech recognition test1989
• Siri2010

Stability AI

• Artists sue the image generators2023
• A stock agency counts twelve million photographs2023

Stanford Center for Research on Foundation ModelsCRFM · Center for Research on Foundation Models

• HELM: thirty models, the same forty-two scenarios2022
• A transparency index: nobody says what the model is made of2023

Stanford Internet ObservatorySIO

• Illegal material found in an open set, distribution halted2023

Stanford University

• The DENDRAL project begins1965
• LCF: a program that checks proofs about computation1972
• Scheinman's arm goes to JPL1973
• MYCIN1974
• AM1976
• The Art of Artificial Intelligence1977
• A blinded evaluation of MYCIN's advice1979
• The Stanford Cart crosses a room1979
• The first AAAI conference1980
• PUFF: an expert system in a hospital's daily work1982
• Artificial potential fields avoid obstacles in real time1985
• Genetic programming1992
• Probabilistic roadmaps1996
• The lasso1996
• PageRank and web scale1998
• A Bayesian junk-mail filter1998
• Gradient boosting2001
• Stanley wins the Grand Challenge2005
• Grasping unseen objects, learned from synthetic images2006
• Deep networks on graphics processors2009
• The first ILSVRC2010
• Diffusion models2015
• SQuAD: a hundred thousand questions on Wikipedia passages2016
• Five concrete problems in AI safety2016
• A network tells skin cancers apart like dermatologists2017
• SQuAD 2.0: the question it is right to refuse2018
• FlashAttention2022
• HELM: thirty models, the same forty-two scenarios2022
• Alpaca2023
• Bimanual teleoperation for twenty thousand dollars2023
• Direct preference optimisation2023
• Open weights for a vision-language-action model2024
• Coverage grows with the number of attempts2024
• A thousand examples and a forced budget2025
• The first genomes designed by a model2026

Stargate

• Stargate2025

State Administration for Market RegulationSAMR

• China puts recommendation algorithms on a register2022

State Council of China

• China's New Generation AI Development Plan2017
• The Bletchley Declaration2023

State of California

• California: a bot must say it is a bot2018
• The veto of California's SB 10472024
• A law that lived fifteen days2024
• California requires training data to be disclosed2026

State of IllinoisIllinois General Assembly

• Illinois requires consent to collect biometrics2008
• Illinois: consent to an AI assessment of an interview2019

State of Minnesota

• Minnesota makes an election deep fake a crime2023

State of WashingtonWashington State Legislature

• Washington puts face recognition under conditions2020

Stock Exchange of Hong KongHKEX · The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited

• SenseTime's listing stopped three days before pricing2021

Suno

• Suno v3 opens to everyone2024
• A Munich court finds training on music infringing2026

Supreme Court of the United States

• The Supreme Court leaves the human authorship rule intact2026

Symbolics

• The Lisp machine market collapses1987
• Authorizer's Assistant: an expert system decides on credit1988

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing CompanyTSMC · Taiwan Semiconductor · TSM

• Seven nanometres enters volume production2018
• Three nanometres in volume production2022
• The bottleneck moves to packaging2023

Talen EnergyTalen Energy Corporation · Susquehanna Nuclear

• 960 megawatts straight from a reactor2024
• The regulator stops the direct feed2024

Tampa Police Department

• A Super Bowl crowd’s faces checked against a database2001

Technical University of Munich

• The vanishing gradient problem1991

Technology Innovation InstituteTII

• Open weights out of Abu Dhabi2023

Tel Aviv University

• DeepFace: face recognition near human level2014

Tesla

• Tesla Autopilot2015
• Tesla reaches the streets of Austin2025
• Nevada admits three robotaxi fleets at once2026

Texas Instruments

• Speak and Spell1978
• FRESH: an expert system at the Pacific Fleet headquarters1987
• Resource Management: a shared speech recognition test1989
• The TIMIT corpus1990
• The Switchboard corpus1992

The MIT Press

• Marr: vision as computation on three levels1982

The New York Times Company

• A hundred examples of verbatim output2023
• The United States tells a court that training is fair use2026

The OregonianOregonLive · The Oregonian/OregonLive

• A data centre's water stops being a secret2022

TIME

• The labellers in Nairobi who taught ChatGPT to refuse2023

Toyota Research Institute

• Diffusion policies for visuomotor control2023
• Toyota announces large behavior models2023

Toyota Technological Institute at ChicagoTTI Chicago · TTIC

• An object as a template with movable parts2008

Tsinghua University

• Search inside the chain of reasoning2025
• The attention cache at two bits2025
• One billion against four hundred and five2025

TypeSafe AI

• A model that writes no text: TypeSafe releases Jev2026

U.S. Department of the TreasuryOFAC

• SenseTime's listing stopped three days before pricing2021

U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationFDA

• FDA approves a computer second read of mammograms1998
• The FDA admits a diagnosis without a physician2018

Uber

• The first pedestrian killed by an autonomous car2018
• Nevada admits three robotaxi fleets at once2026

UC San Diego

• Parallel Distributed Processing1986
• Finding Structure in Time1990
• A network recognises heart attacks1991
• NeRF: a scene as a continuous function2020

UCLA

• Bayesian networks1985
• Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems1988
• Self-play against one's own earlier state2024

UNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

• UNESCO adopts a recommendation on the ethics of AI2021

Unimation

• Unimate on the General Motors line1961

Union Cabinet of India

• India buys accelerators as a public service2024

United Nations General Assembly

• The UN General Assembly votes on autonomous weapons2023

United States Air ForceUS Air Force

• Pilot's Associate: a minute of flight, two hours of computing1988

United States Army Research LaboratoryARL

• A blind evaluation for face recognition1996

United States Congress

• IBM stops selling general purpose face recognition2020
• The CHIPS Act: money for chip manufacturing in the United States2022

United States Department of Commerce

• Compute gets a numeric ceiling2022
• The threshold is rewritten, the workaround goes2023
• The export controls come off and Fable 5 returns2026

United States Department of Defense

• The Pentagon writes down what an autonomous weapon is2012
• Project Maven: computer vision joins intelligence work2017
• Maven becomes the Pentagon's costliest AI programme2025
• The Pentagon labels Anthropic a supply-chain risk2026
• A court strikes down the exclusion of Anthropic2026

United States Department of Justice

• The United States tells a court that training is fair use2026

United States Department of State

• Face recognition measured on 37,437 people2003
• The political declaration on military AI2023

United States District Court for the District of DelawareD. Del.

• A stock agency counts twelve million photographs2023

United States District Court for the Eastern District of CaliforniaE.D. Cal.

• A law that lived fifteen days2024

United States District Court for the Northern District of CaliforniaN.D. Cal.

• The first suit over training on other people's code2022
• Artists sue the image generators2023
• Novelists count what is inside Books22023
• Books3: a hundred and ninety-six thousand books named2023

United States District Court for the Southern District of New YorkS.D.N.Y.

• The Authors Guild becomes a party2023
• A hundred examples of verbatim output2023

United States Navy

• Phalanx: a machine that closes the loop itself1980
• FRESH: an expert system at the Pacific Fleet headquarters1987
• Terminal guidance by image matching goes to war1991

United States Transportation Command

• DART: the scheduler that repaid thirty years1991

Unitree Robotics

• A humanoid at sixteen thousand dollars2024
• Humanoids counted for the first time by half-year2026
• A humanoid maker opens its books2026

Universität der Bundeswehr MünchenUniBwM · UBM · University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich

• VaMoRs drives the Autobahn at 96 km/h1987
• VaMP in dense traffic near Paris1994
• 1,600 km Munich to Odense, 95 percent autonomous1995

Universitat Pompeu Fabra

• Inpainting: a restorers’ word for a machine2000

Universite de Montreal

• METEO translates weather forecasts1975
• Theano2012
• The gated recurrent unit (GRU)2014
• Asynchronous actor-critic (A3C)2016

University at Buffalo

• FlashAttention2022

University College London

• Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)2020

University of Alberta

• Chinook becomes world champion1994

University of BiałystokWarsaw University, Białystok · University of Warsaw, Białystok Branch

• Mizar: a library of checked mathematics1989

University of British ColumbiaUBC

• A feature that survives scale and rotation1999
• Object recognition as translation2002
• Object outlines drawn by a website’s visitors2005

University of California, Berkeley

• Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach1995
• A texture grown from a sample1999
• Random forests2001
• Object recognition as translation2002
• Latent Dirichlet allocation2003
• Words and pictures: a joint model2003
• A PR2 folds fifty towels in a row2010
• Apache Spark2012
• R-CNN: a convolutional network finds objects2013
• Caffe2014
• Vision and control trained as one2015
• Five concrete problems in AI safety2016
• pix2pix: one model for image translation2016
• Grasping learned from synthetic data2017
• A hospital algorithm underrates Black patients' illness2019
• NeRF: a scene as a continuous function2020
• Denoising diffusion probabilistic models2020
• MMLU: 57 subjects the model did not study2020
• MATH: competition mathematics2021
• GPT-3 in megawatt-hours2021
• A quadruped learns to walk in one hour2022
• vLLM: the memory of attention starts being paged2023
• Compute at answering time against a bigger model2024
• Without a verifier, answering-time compute loses2025

University of California, IrvineUC Irvine · UCI

• The UCI Machine Learning Repository1987
• An object as a template with movable parts2008
• Who the crowdworkers are: six surveys over twenty months2010

University of California, Riverside

• 700,000 litres to train, a bottle to talk2023

University of Cambridge

• Weighting a term by its rarity in the collection1972
• Q-learning1989

University of Chicago

• Latent semantic analysis1990
• An object as a template with movable parts2008

University of Chinese Academy of SciencesUCAS

• Weights with three states instead of numbers2024

University of Edinburgh

• LCF: a program that checks proofs about computation1972
• Boyer and Moore: induction without human hints1973
• Freddy assembles a toy from a heap of parts1973
• A contest where everyone is scored the same way2005
• WMT-06: the formula and the judges over the same outputs2006

University of Freiburg

• U-Net: segmentation from a few images2015

University of Helsinki

• Reverse-mode automatic differentiation1970

University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUIUC

• Four colours: a proof the machine checked1976
• Lipreading cuts a recogniser's errors1988
• Two steps instead of an agent loop2024

University of Leeds

• The computer and acute abdominal pain in Leeds1972

University of Manchester

• Prinz's chess program1951
• Strachey's draughts program1952

University of MarylandUniversity of Maryland, College Park

• ALV: the Strategic Computing land vehicle drives itself1986
• Reasoning by depth rather than by tokens2025

University of Massachusetts AmherstUMass Amherst

• Faces from the news as a recognition benchmark2007
• Training priced in kilowatt-hours2019

University of Michigan

• Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems1975
• Epic's sepsis model misses two thirds2021

University of Minnesota

• GroupLens: predictions from other readers' ratings1994
• Inpainting: a restorers’ word for a machine2000

University of Oxford

• Good: the intelligence explosion1966
• Simultaneous map building and localization1991
• Visual words: searching video like text2003
• One camera maps in real time2003
• A contest where everyone is scored the same way2005
• Tracking and mapping in separate threads2007
• Bostrom's Superintelligence2014
• Model collapse on a model's own output2024
• Coverage grows with the number of attempts2024

University of Pennsylvania

• Brill's tagger: rules the machine learns1992
• The Penn Treebank1993
• Lexicalised statistical parsing1997
• Conditional random fields2001

University of Rochester

• Ledley and Lusted: logic and probability of diagnosis1959

University of Surrey

• The McGurk effect: the eyes change what is heard1976

University of Sussex

• Two views, eight points, a linear system1981

University of Texas at Arlington

• 700,000 litres to train, a bottle to talk2023

University of Texas SystemUT System

• 62 million dollars on Watson with no clinic2016

University of Toronto

• Adaptive mixtures of local experts1991
• CIFAR-10: tiny images with labels2009
• Deep networks in speech recognition2009
• Rectified linear units2010
• Dropout2012
• The Adam optimizer2014

University of Waikato

• Weka1999

University of WashingtonUW

• Image Analogies: a filter from a pair of examples2001
• A 3D scene from strangers’ photographs2006
• PatchMatch: patches found at random2009
• YOLO: detection in one look2015
• Stochastic Parrots: can a language model be too big2021
• What is actually inside the corpus T5 was trained on2021

University of Waterloo

• A language model on 0.94 gigabytes of text2021

University of Western Ontario

• Latent semantic analysis1990

University of Wisconsin-Madison

• LLaVA: an open assistant that sees2023

US Census BureauU.S. Bureau of the Census · Bureau of the Census

• NIST's shared test on handwritten characters1992

Utrecht UniversityUniversity of Utrecht

• Probabilistic roadmaps1996

Viisage Technology

• A Super Bowl crowd’s faces checked against a database2001
• Face recognition measured on 37,437 people2003

Visionics

• A Super Bowl crowd’s faces checked against a database2001

Waseda University

• WABOT-11973

Waymo

• Waymo becomes a company2016
• Waymo One2018
• San Francisco opens to everyone2024
• Freeways2025
• Waymo at San Francisco airport2026
• Nevada admits three robotaxi fleets at once2026
• Two hundred million driverless miles2026

White House

• Executive Order 13859: the American AI Initiative2019
• Voluntary commitments to the White House2023
• Executive Order 141102023
• A 25 per cent tariff on advanced chips2026
• The White House asks Congress to preempt state law2026
• An executive order on frontier model security2026

WhizBang! Labs

• Conditional random fields2001

Wikimedia Deutschland

• Wikidata: Wikipedia's shared facts, in the public domain2012

Willow Garage

• Eleven identical robots in eleven laboratories2010

World Humanoid Robot Games

• The first World Humanoid Robot Games2025

World Wide Web ConsortiumW3C

• RDF: a fact as a triple with a global address1999
• OWL: an ontology whose conclusions compute2004

Writers Guild of AmericaWGA

• A contract in which AI is not a writer2023

xAI

• The Pentagon contracts all four frontier laboratories at once2025
• States block Grok2026
• The largest data centre's power doubles every ten months2026

Yale University

• Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding1977

Zhuiyi Technology

• Rotary position embedding (RoPE)2021